Copyright Feb 2003 Ted Nissen.BEGIN1 END1
TABLE OF
CONTENTS
1 ABDUCTOR DIGITI MINIMI (FOOT)
2 ABDUCTOR DIGITI MINIMI (HAND)
4 ABDUCTOR POLLICIS BREVIS B4E4
5 ABDUCTOR POLLICIS LONGUS B5E5
13 BICEPS FEMORIS (Lateral
Hamstring) B13E13
17 BULBOCAVERNOSUS
(BULBOSPONGIOSUS) B17E17. 42
19 COCCYGEUS (ISCHIOCOCCYGEUS)
B19E19
21 CORRUGATOR SUPERCILII B21E21
22 CRICOARYTENOID LATERAL &
POSTERIOR B22E22
1 ABDUCTOR DIGITI MINIMI (FOOT)
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1.1 Word Derivation Pronounce Pronounce
1.1.1 Abductor=Moves part away from midline
1.1.2 Digit=Finger or toe
1.1.3 Minimi= Little finger or toe
1.2 Attachments Illus. (DSL)
1.2.1 Origin
1.2.1.1 Medial and lateral processes of the tuberosity of calcaneus
1.2.2 Insertion
1.2.2.1 Lateral side of the base of the proximal phalanx of the fifth toe
1.3 Action Illus. (DSL)
1.3.1 Abducts the fifth toe away from the fourth toe
1.4 Nerve Supply
1.4.1 Nerve
1.4.1.1 Lateral plantar nerve
1.4.2 Roots
1.4.2.1 S2
1.4.2.2 S3
1.5 Synergists
1.5.1 None
1.1 Muscle Tests
1.1.1 Abductor Digiti Minimi (Foot)
1.2 Trigger Points
1.2.1 ABDUCTOR DIGITI MINIMI (FOOT)
1.3 Organ Reflexes
1.3.1 None
1.3.2 Illustrations
1.4 Meridian
1.4.1 None
1.5 Discussion (Gray)
1.5.1 The Abductor digiti quinti (Abductor minimi digiti) (Fig. 443) Discussion lies along the lateral border of the foot, and is in relation by its medial margin with the lateral plantar vessels and nerves. It arises, by a broad origin, from the lateral process of the tuberosity of the calcaneus, from the under surface of the calcaneus between the two processes of the tuberosity, from the forepart of the medial process, from the plantar aponeurosis, and from the intermuscular septum between it and the Flexor digitorum brevis. Its tendon, after gliding over a smooth facet on the under surface of the base of the fifth metatarsal bone, is inserted, with the Flexor digiti quinti brevis, into the fibular side of the base of the first phalanx of the fifth toe.
1.5.2 Variations —Slips of origin from the tuberosity at the base of the fifth metatarsal Abductor ossis metatarsi quinti, origin external tubercle of the calcaneus, insertion into tuberosity of the fifth metatarsal bone in common with or beneath the outer margin of the plantar fascia
1.5.3 Action-the action of the Abductor digiti quinti is twofold, as an abductor of this toe from the fourth, and as a flexor of its proximal phalanx.
1.5.4 Non Web Based Links
1.5.4.1 Fig443 (Bitmap)
1.5.4.2 Discussion
1.6 Category
1.6.1 Intrinsic Foot Plantar First Superficial Layer (IFP1)
1.7 View (When Illustrated Individually)
1.7.1 Plantar View (First Plantar Layer)
1.7.2 Test
1.7.2.1 Illus. (DSL) Illus. (Dial-Up)
2 ABDUCTOR DIGITI MINIMI (HAND)
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2.1 Word Derivation Pronounce
2.1.1 Abductor=Moves part away from midline
2.1.2 Digit=Finger or toe
2.1.3 Minimi= Little finger or toe
2.2 Attachments Illus. (DSL)
2.2.1 Origin
2.2.1.1 Pisiform bone
2.2.1.2 Tendon of the flexor carpi ulnaris
2.2.2 Insertion
2.2.2.1 Two slips
2.2.2.1.1 Ulnar side of the base of the proximal phalanx of the little finger
2.2.2.1.2 Ulnar border of the extensor expansion of the finger
2.3 Action Illus. (DSL)
2.3.1 Abducts the little finger
2.3.2 Assists in flexing its proximal phalanx at the metacarpophalangeal joint
2.4 Nerve Supply
2.4.1 Nerve
2.4.1.1 Ulnar (Deep Branch)
2.4.2 Roots
2.4.2.1 C8
2.4.2.2 T1
2.5 Synergists
2.5.1 Flexor digiti minimi brevis
2.5.2 Opponens digiti minimi
2.6 Muscle Tests
2.6.1 ABDUCTOR DIGITI MINIMI (HAND)
2.7 Trigger Points
2.7.1 ABDUCTOR DIGITI MINIMI (HAND)
2.8 Organ Reflexes
2.8.1 None
2.8.2 Illustrations
2.9 Meridian
2.9.1 None
2.10 Discussion (Gray)
2.10.1 The Abductor digiti quinti (Abductor minimi digiti) (Fig. 427) is situated on the ulnar border of the palm of the hand. It arises from the pisiform bone and from the tendon of the Flexor carpi ulnaris, and ends in a flat tendon, which divides into two slips; one is inserted into the ulnar side of the base of the first phalanx of the little finger; the other into the ulnar border of the aponeurosis of the Extensor digiti quinti proprius.
2.10.2 Variations
2.10.2.1 The Abductor digiti quinti may be divided into two or three slips or united with the Flexor digiti quinti brevis.
2.10.3 Actions —The Abductor digiti quinti abducts the little finger from the ring finger and assist in flexing the proximal phalanx.
2.10.4 Nerves-C8 Ulnar
2.11 Category
2.11.1 Intrinsic Hand Hypothenar (IHH)
2.12 View (When Illustrated Individually)
2.12.1 Anterior
2.12.1.1 Illus. (DSL)
3 ABDUCTOR HALLUCIS
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3.1 Word Derivation
3.1.1 Abductor=Moves part away from midline
3.1.2 Hallucis= Hallux or Great toe
3.2 Attachments Illus. (DSL)
3.2.1 Origin
3.2.1.1 Medial process of tuberosity of the calcaneus
3.2.1.2 Flexor retinaculum
3.2.1.3 Plantar aponeurosis
3.2.1.4 Intermuscular septum
3.3 Insertion
3.3.1.1 Medial tendon of the flexor hallucis brevis
3.3.1.2 Medial side of the base of the proximal phalanx of the big toe
3.4 Action Illus. (DSL)
3.4.1 Abducts the big toe from the mid line of the foot
3.5 Nerve Supply
3.5.1 Nerve
3.5.1.1 Medial plantar
3.5.2 Roots
3.5.2.1 S2
3.5.2.2 S3
3.6 Synergists
3.6.1 None
3.7 Muscle Tests
3.7.1 ABDUCTOR HALLUCIS
3.8 Trigger Points
3.8.1 ABDUCTOR HALLUCIS
3.9 Organ Reflexes
3.9.1 None
3.9.2 Illustrations
3.10 Meridian
3.10.1 None
3.11 Discussion (Gray)
3.11.1 The Abductor hallucis (Fig. 443) lies along the medial border of the foot and covers the origins of the plantar vessels and nerves. It arises from the medial process of the tuberosity of the calcaneus, from the laciniate ligament, from the plantar aponeurosis, and from the intermuscular septum between it and the Flexor digitorum brevis. The fibers end in a tendon, which is inserted, together with the medial tendon of the Flexor hallucis brevis, into the tibial side of the base of the first phalanx of the great toe.
3.11.2 Variations —Slip to the base of the first phalanx of the second toe.
3.11.3 Action- The Abductor hallucis abducts the great toe from the second, and also flexes its proximal phalanx.
3.12 Category
3.12.1 Intrinsic Foot Plantar First Superficial Layer (IFP1)
3.13 View (When Illustrated Individually)
3.13.1 Plantar View (First Plantar Layer)
3.13.1.1 Illus. (DSL)
4 ABDUCTOR POLLICIS BREVIS B4E4
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4.1 Word Derivation
4.1.1 Abductor=Moves part away from midline
4.1.2 Pollex= Thumb
4.1.3 Brevis=Short
4.2 Attachments Illus. (DSL)
4.3 Origin
4.3.1.1 Flexor retinaculum
4.3.1.2 Tubercles of the scaphoid and trapezium
4.4 Insertion
4.4.1.1 Radial side of the base of the proximal phalanx of the thumb
4.5 Action Illus. (DSL)
4.5.1 Abduction of the proximal phalanx and the metacarpal of the thumb
4.5.2 Medial rotation of the proximal phalanx and the metacarpal of the thumb
4.6 Nerve Supply
4.6.1 Nerve
4.6.1.1 Median
4.6.2 Roots
4.6.2.1 C8
4.6.2.2 T1
4.7 Synergists
4.7.1 Abductor pollicis longus
4.7.2 Extensor pollicis brevis
4.8 Muscle Tests
4.8.1 ABDUCTOR POLLICIS BREVIS
4.9 Trigger Points
4.9.1 ABDUCTOR POLLICIS BREVIS
4.10 Organ Reflexes
4.10.1 None
4.10.2 Illustrations
4.11 Meridian
4.11.1 None
4.12 Discussion (Gray)
4.12.1 The Abductor pollicis brevis (Abductor pollicis) (Fig. 426) (Fig. 427) is a thin, flat muscle, placed immediately beneath the integument. It arises from the transverse carpal ligament, the tuberosity of the navicular, and the ridge of the greater multiangular, frequently by two distinct slips. Running lateralward and downward, it is inserted by a thin, flat tendon into the radial side of the base of the first phalanx of the thumb and the capsule of the metacarpophalangeal articulation.
4.12.2 Variations —The Abductor pollicis brevis is often divided into an outer and an inner part; accessory slips from the tendon of the Abductor pollicis longus or Palmaris longus, more rarely from the Extensor carpi radialis longus, from the styloid process or Opponens pollicis or from the skin over the thenar eminence.
4.12.3 Actions —The Abductor pollicis brevis draws the thumb forward in a plane at right angles to that of the palm of the hand.
4.13 Category
4.13.1 Intrinsic Hand Thenar (ITT)
4.14 View (When Illustrated Individually)
4.14.1 Anterior View
4.14.1.1 Illus. (DSL)
5 ABDUCTOR POLLICIS LONGUS B5E5
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5.1 Word Derivation
5.1.1 Abductor=Moves part away from midline
5.1.2 Pollex= Thumb
5.1.3 Longus=Long
5.2 Attachments Illus. 1 (DSL) Illus. 2 (DSL)
5.3 Origin
5.3.1.1 Posterior surface of middle one third of body of radius
5.3.1.2 Posterior lateral surface of the ulna distal to the origin of the Supinator
5.3.1.3 Interosseous membrane
5.4 Insertion
5.4.1.1 Base of first metacarpal bone, radial side
5.5 Action Illus. (DSL)
5.5.1 Abducts the carpometacarpal joint of the thumb
5.5.2 Assists in extension of the carpometacarpal joint of the thumb
5.6 Nerve Supply
5.6.1 Nerve
5.6.1.1 Posterior interosseous nerve (deep radial nerve)
5.6.2 Roots
5.6.2.1 C7
5.6.2.2 C8
5.7 Synergists
5.7.1 Abductor pollicis brevis
5.7.2 Extensor pollicis brevis
5.8 Muscle Tests
5.8.1 ABDUCTOR POLLICIS LONGUS
5.9 Trigger Points
5.9.1 ABDUCTOR POLLICIS LONGUS
5.10 Organ Reflexes
5.10.1 None
5.10.2 Illustrations
5.11 Meridian
5.11.1 None
5.12 Discussion (Gray)
5.12.1 The Abductor pollicis longus (Extensor oss. metacarpi pollicis) (Fig. 419) lies immediately below the Supinator and is sometimes united with it. It arises from the lateral part of the dorsal surface of the body of the ulna below the insertion of the Anconeus, from the interosseous membrane, and from the middle third of the dorsal surface of the body of the radius. Passing obliquely downward and lateralward, it ends in a tendon, which runs through a groove on the lateral side of the lower end of the radius, accompanied by the tendon of the Extensor pollicis brevis, and is inserted into the radial side of the base of the first metacarpal bone. It occasionally gives off two slips near its insertion: one to the greater multiangular bone and the other to blend with the origin of the Abductor pollicis brevis.
5.12.2 Variations —More or less doubling of muscle and tendon with insertion of the extra tendon into the first metacarpal, the greater multiangular, or into the Abductor pollicis brevis or Opponens pollicis
5.12.3 Action- The chief action of the Abductor pollicis longus is to carry the thumb laterally from the palm of the hand. By its continued action, it helps to extend and abduct the wrist.
5.13 Category
5.13.1 Wrist, Hand, and Fingers Posterior Extensors Deep (WHFPED)
5.14 View (When Illustrated Individually)
5.14.1 Posterior
5.14.1.1 Illus. (DSL)
6 ADDUCTOR BREVIS B6E6
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6.1 Word Derivation
6.1.1 Adductor=Moves part towards the midline
6.1.2 Brevis=Short
6.2 Attachments Illus. 1 (DSL) Illus. 2 (DSL)
6.3 Origin
6.3.1.1 Outer surface of body and inferior ramus of pubis
6.4 Insertion
6.4.1.1 On a line extending from lesser trochanter to upper part of linea aspera
6.5 Action Illus. (DSL)
6.5.1 Hip adduction
6.5.2 Hip flexion
6.5.3 Hip medial rotation
6.6 Nerve Supply
6.6.1 Nerve
6.6.1.1 Obturator
6.6.2 Roots
6.6.2.1 L2
6.6.2.2 L3
6.6.2.3 L4
6.7 Synergists
6.7.1 Adductor magnus
6.7.2 Adductor longus
6.7.3 Gracilis
6.7.4 Pectineus
6.8 Muscle Tests
6.8.1 ADDUCTOR BREVIS
6.9 Trigger Points
6.9.1 ADDUCTOR BREVIS
6.10 Organ Reflexes
6.10.1 CLIMACTERIC
6.10.2 Illustrations
6.11 Meridian
6.11.1 Pericardium
6.12 Discussion (Gray)
6.12.1 The Adductor brevis (Fig. 433) is situated immediately behind the two preceding muscles. It is triangular in form, and arises by a narrow origin from the outer surfaces of the superior and inferior rami of the pubis, between the Gracilis and Obturator externus. Its fibers, passing backward, lateralward, and downward, are inserted, by an aponeurosis, into the line leading from the lesser trochanter to the linea aspera and into the upper part of the linea aspera, immediately behind the Pectineus and upper part of the Adductor longus
6.12.2 Variations- the Adductor brevis may be divided into two or three parts, or it may be united to the Adductor magnus.
6.12.3 Action- the Pectineus and three Adductores adduct the thigh powerfully; they are especially used in horse exercise, the sides of the saddle being grasped between the knees by the contraction of these muscles. In consequence of the obliquity of their insertions into the linea aspera, they rotate the thigh outward, assisting the external Rotators, and when the limb has been abducted, they draw it medialward, carrying the thigh across that of the opposite side. The Pectineus and Adductores brevis and longus assist the Psoas major and Iliacus in flexing the thigh upon the pelvis. In progression, all these muscles assist in drawing forward the lower limb.
6.13 Category
6.13.1 Thigh Adductor Compartment (TAD)
6.14 View (When Illustrated Individually)
6.14.1 Anterior
6.14.1.1 Illus. (DSL)
7 ADDUCTOR HALLUCIS B7E7
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7.1 Word Derivation
7.1.1 Adductor=Moves part towards the midline
7.1.2 Hallucis= Hallux or Great toe
7.2 Attachments Illus. (DSL)
7.2.1 Origin
7.2.1.1 Oblique head
7.2.1.1.1 Bases of the 2nd, 3rd and 4th metatarsals
7.2.1.1.2 Sheath of tendon of Peroneus Longus
7.2.1.2 Transverse head
7.2.1.2.1 Plantar Metatarsophalangeal ligaments of the 3rd, 4th and 5th toes
7.2.1.2.2 Deep transverse metatarsal ligaments
7.2.2 Insertion
7.2.2.1 Lateral side of base of proximal phalanx of big toe
7.3 Action Illus. (DSL)
7.3.1 Adduction (big toe towards the 2nd toe)
7.3.2 Flexion (big toe towards plantar surface)
7.4 Joints
7.4.1 Metatarsophalangeal joint of big toe
7.5 Nerve Supply
7.5.1 Nerve
7.5.1.1 Lateral plantar nerve
7.5.2 Roots
7.5.2.1 S2
7.5.2.2 S3
7.6 Synergists
7.6.1
7.7 Muscle Tests
7.7.1 ADDUCTOR HALLUCIS
7.8 Trigger Points
7.8.1 ADDUCTOR HALLUCIS
7.9 Organ Reflexes
7.9.1 None
7.9.2 Illustrations
7.10 Meridian
7.10.1 None
7.11 Discussion (Grays)
7.11.1 The Adductor hallucis (Adductor obliquus hallucis) (Fig. 445) arises by two heads—oblique and transverse. The oblique head is a large, thick, fleshy mass, crossing the foot obliquely and occupying the hollow space under the first second, third, and fourth metatarsal bones. It arises from the bases of the second, third, and fourth metatarsal bones, and from the sheath of the tendon of the Peroneus longus, and is inserted, together with the lateral portion of the Flexor hallucis brevis, into the lateral side of the base of the first phalanx of the great toe. The transverse head (Transversus pedis) is a narrow, flat fasciculus which arises from the plantar metatarsophalangeal ligaments of the third, fourth, and fifth toes (sometimes only from the third and fourth), and from the transverse ligament of the metatarsus. It is inserted into the lateral side of the base of the first phalanx of the great toe, its fibers blending with the tendon of insertion of the oblique head.
7.11.2 Variations
7.11.2.1 Slips to the base of the first phalanx of the second toe Opponens hallucis, occasional slips from the adductor to the metatarsal bone of the great toe
7.11.2.2 The Abductor, Flexor brevis, and Adductor of the great toe, like the similar muscles of the thumb, give off, at their insertions, fibrous expansions to blend with the tendons of the Extensor digitorum longus.
7.11.3 Action- the Abductor hallucis abducts the great toe from the second, and flexes its proximal phalanx.
7.12 Category
7.12.1 Intrinsic Foot Plantar Third Layer (IFP3)
7.13 View (When Illustrated Individually)
7.13.1 Plantar
7.13.1.1.1
Illus. (DSL)
8 ADDUCTOR LONGUS B8E8
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8.1 Word Derivation
8.1.1 Adductor=Moves part towards the midline
8.1.2 Longus=Long
8.2 Attachments Illus. 1 (DSL) Illus. 2 (DSL)
8.2.1 Origin
8.2.1.1 Anterior pubis in angle between crest and symphysis
8.2.2 Insertion
8.2.2.1 Middle 1/3 of medial lip of linea aspera
8.3 Joints
8.3.1 Hip
8.4 Action Illus. (DSL)
8.4.1 Adduction
8.4.2 Flexion
8.4.3 Medial rotation
8.5 Nerve Supply
8.5.1 Nerve
8.5.1.1 Obturator
8.5.2 Roots
8.5.2.1 L2
8.5.2.2 L3
8.5.2.3 L4
8.6 Synergists
8.6.1 Gracilis
8.6.2 Adductor magnus
8.6.3 Pectineus
8.6.4 Adductor brevis
8.7 Muscle Tests
8.7.1 ADDUCTOR LONGUS
8.8 Trigger Points
8.8.1 ADDUCTOR LONGUS
8.9 Organ Reflexes
8.9.1 CLIMACTERIC
8.9.2 Illustrations
8.10 Meridian
8.10.1 Pericardium
8.11 Discussion (Gray)
8.11.1 The Adductor longus (Fig 432) (Fig. 433), the most superficial of the three Adductores, is a triangular muscle, lying in the same plane as the Pectineus. It arises by a flat, narrow tendon, from the front of the pubis, at the angle of junction of the crest with the symphysis; and soon expands into a broad fleshy belly. This passes downward, backward, and lateralward, and is inserted, by an aponeurosis, into the linea aspera, between the Vastus medialis and the Adductor magnus, with both of which it is usually blended.
8.11.2 Variations-The Adductor longus may be double, may extend to the knee, or be more or less united with the Pectineus.
8.11.3 Action-The Pectineus and three Adductores adduct the thigh powerfully; they are especially used in horse exercise, the sides of the saddle being grasped between the knees by the contraction of these muscles. In consequence of the obliquity of their insertions into the linea aspera, they rotate the thigh outward, assisting the external Rotators, and when the limb has been abducted, they draw it medialward, carrying the thigh across that of the opposite side. The Pectineus and Adductores brevis and longus assist the Psoas major and Iliacus in flexing the thigh upon the pelvis. In progression, all these muscles assist in drawing forward the lower limb.
8.12 Category
8.12.1 Thigh Adductor Compartment (TAD)
8.13 View (When Illustrated Individually)
8.13.1 Anterior
8.13.1.1 Illus. (DSL)
9 ADDUCTOR MAGNUS B9E9
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9.1 Word Derivation
9.1.1 Adductor=Moves part towards the midline
9.1.2 Magnus=Large
9.2 Attachments Illus. 1 (DSL) Illus. 2 (DSL)
9.2.1 Origin
9.2.1.1 POSTERIOR FIBERS
9.2.1.1.1 Ischial tuberosity
9.2.1.2 ANTERIOR FIBERS
9.2.1.2.1 Ramus of ischium
9.2.1.2.2 Inferior pubic ramus
9.2.2 Insertion
9.2.2.1 Line extending from the greater trochanter along the linea aspera
9.2.2.2 Medial supracondylar line
9.2.2.3 Adductor tubercle on medial condyle of femur
9.3 Joints
9.3.1 Hip
9.4 Action Illus. (DSL)
9.4.1 Adduction
9.4.2 Extension
9.4.2.1
. Note
9.4.2.1.1
Fibers arising from ischium and ramus
of ischium primarily insert distally and aid in hip extension
9.4.3 Flexion
9.4.3.1 Note
9.4.3.1.1 Fibers arising from ramus of pubis insert proximally and aid in hip flexion.
9.4.4 Medial rotation
9.5 Nerve Supply
9.5.1 Posterior fibers
9.5.1.1 Nerve
9.5.1.1.1 Tibial portion of sciatic
9.5.1.2 Roots
9.5.1.2.1 L4
9.5.1.2.2 L5
9.5.1.2.3 S1
9.5.2 Anterior fibers
9.5.2.1 Nerve
9.5.2.1.1 Obturator
9.5.2.2 Roots
9.5.2.2.1 L2
9.5.2.2.2 L3
9.5.2.2.3 L4
9.6 Synergists
9.6.1 Adductor brevis
9.6.2 Adductor longus
9.6.3 Pectineus
9.6.4 Gracilis
9.7 Muscle Tests
9.7.1 ADDUCTOR MAGNUS
9.8 Trigger Points
9.8.1 ADDUCTOR MAGNUS
9.9 Organ Reflexes
9.9.1 CLIMACTERIC
9.9.2 Illustrations
9.10 Meridian
9.10.1 Pericardium
9.11 Discussion (Gray)
9.11.1 The Adductor magnus Fig 432 (Fig. 433) is a large triangular muscle, situated on the medial side of the thigh. It arises from a small part of the inferior ramus of the pubis, from the inferior ramus of the ischium, and from the outer margin of the inferior part of the tuberosity of the ischium. Those fibers which arise from the ramus of the pubis are short, horizontal in direction, and are inserted into the rough line leading from the greater trochanter to the linea aspera, medial to the Glutæus maximus; those from the ramus of the ischium are directed downward and lateralward with different degrees of obliquity, to be inserted, by means of a broad aponeurosis, into the linea aspera and the upper part of its medial prolongation below. The medial portion of the muscle, composed principally of the fibers arising from the tuberosity of the ischium, forms a thick fleshy mass consisting of coarse bundles which descend almost vertically, and end about the lower third of the thigh in a rounded tendon which is inserted into the adductor tubercle on the medial condyle of the femur, and is connected by a fibrous expansion to the line leading upward from the tubercle to the linea aspera. At the insertion of the muscle, there is a series of osseoaponeurotic openings, formed by tendinous arches attached to the bone. The upper four openings are small, and give passage to the perforating branches of the profunda femoris artery. The lowest is of large size, and transmits the femoral vessels to the popliteal fossa.
9.11.2 Variations-The Adductor magnus may be more or less segmented; the anterior and superior portion is often described as a separate muscle, the Adductor minimus. The muscle may be fused with the Quadratus femoris.
9.11.3 Action-The Pectineus and three Adductores adduct the thigh powerfully; they are especially used in horse exercise, the sides of the saddle being grasped between the knees by the contraction of these muscles. In consequence of the obliquity of their insertions into the linea aspera, they rotate the thigh outward, assisting the external Rotators, and when the limb has been abducted, they draw it medialward, carrying the thigh across that of the opposite side.
9.12 Category
9.12.1 Thigh Adductor Compartment (TAD)
9.13 View (When Illustrated Individually)
9.13.1 Anterior
9.13.1.1 Illus. (DSL)
10 ADDUCTOR POLLICIS B10E10
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10.1 Word Derivation
10.1.1 Adductor=Moves part towards the midline
10.1.2 Pollex= Thumb
10.2 Attachments Illus. (DSL)
10.2.1 Origin
10.2.1.1 OBLIQUE HEAD
10.2.1.1.1 Capitate bone
10.2.1.1.2 Bases of the 2nd and 3rd metacarpal bones
10.2.1.1.3 Intercarpal ligaments
10.2.1.1.4 Sheath of the tendon of the Flexor carpi radialis
10.2.1.2 TRANSVERSE HEAD
10.2.1.2.1 Distal 2/3 of the palmar surface of the 3rd metacarpal bone
10.2.2 Insertion
10.2.2.1 Two heads converge to insert on the ulnar side of the base of the proximal phalanx of the thumb
10.3 Joints
10.3.1 Carpometacarpal (CMJ)
10.3.2 Metacarpophalangeal (MPJ)
10.4 Action Illus. (DSL)
10.4.1 Adduction (1st CMJ) (Thumb)
10.4.2 Adduction (1st MPJ) (Thumb)
10.4.3 Flexion (1st MPJ) (Thumb)
10.5 Nerve Supply
10.5.1 Nerve
10.5.1.1 Ulnar (Deep branch)
10.5.2 Roots
10.5.2.1 C8
10.5.2.2 T1
10.6 Synergists
10.6.1 Flexor pollicis brevis
10.6.2 Flexor pollicis longus
10.6.3 Opponens pollicis
10.7 Muscle Tests
10.7.1 ADDUCTOR POLLICIS
10.8 Trigger Points
10.8.1 ADDUCTOR POLLICIS
10.9 Organ Reflexes
10.9.1 None
10.9.2 Illustrations
10.10 Meridian
10.10.1 None
10.11 Discussion (Gray)
10.11.1 The Adductor pollicis (obliquus) (Adductor obliquus pollicis) (Fig. 426) arises by several slips from the capitate bone, the bases of the second and third metacarpals, the intercarpal ligaments, and the sheath of the tendon of the Flexor carpi radialis. From this origin the greater number of fibers pass obliquely downward and converge to a tendon, which, uniting with the tendons of the medial portion of the Flexor pollicis brevis and the transverse part of the Adductor, is inserted into the ulnar side of the base of the first phalanx of the thumb, a sesamoid bone being present in the tendon. A considerable fasciculus, however, passes more obliquely beneath the tendon of the Flexor pollicis longus to join the lateral portion of the Flexor brevis and the Abductor pollicis brevis.
10.11.2 The Adductor pollicis (transversus) (Adductor transversus pollicis) (Fig. 426) Fig 427 is the most deeply seated of this group of muscles. It is of a triangular form arising by a broad base from the lower two-thirds of the volar surface of the third metacarpal bone; the fibers converge, to be inserted with the medial part of the Flexor pollicis brevis and the Adductor pollicis (obliquus) into the ulnar side of the base of the first phalanx of the thumb
10.11.3 Variations-The two adductors vary in their relative extent and in the closeness of their connection. The Adductor obliquus may receive a slip from the transverse metacarpal ligament.
10.11.4 Actions-The Abductor pollicis brevis draws the thumb forward in a plane at right angles to that of the palm of the hand. The Adductor pollicis is the opponent of this muscle, and approximates the thumb to the palm.
10.12 Category
10.12.1 Intrinsic Hand Thenar (IHT)
10.13 View (When Illustrated Individually)
10.13.1 Anterior
10.13.1.1 Illus. (DSL)
11 ANCONEUS B11E11
Back Table of Contents References
11.1 Word Derivation
11.1.1 Anconeal=Pertaining to elbow
11.2 Attachments Illus.1 (DSL) Illus.2 (DSL)
11.2.1 Origin
11.2.1.1 Posterior surface of lateral epicondyle of humerus
11.2.2 Insertion
11.2.2.1 Lateral side of olecranon process
11.2.2.2 Upper 1/4th of posterior surface of proximal portion of ulna
11.3 Joints
11.3.1 Elbow
11.3.2 Radioulnar (RU)
11.4 Action Illus. (DSL)
11.4.1 Extension (Elbow)
11.4.2 Pronation (RU)
11.5 Nerve Supply
11.5.1 Nerve
11.5.1.1
Radial
11.5.2 Roots
11.5.2.1
C7
11.5.2.2
C8
11.5.2.3 T1
11.6 Synergists
11.6.1 Triceps Brachii
11.7 Muscle Tests
11.7.1 ANCONEUS
11.8 Trigger Points
11.8.1 ANCONEUS
11.9 Organ Reflexes
11.9.1 Pancreas
11.9.2 Illustrations
11.10 Meridian
11.10.1 Spleen/Pancreas
11.11 Discussion (Gray)
11.11.1 The Anconæus (Fig. 418) is a small triangular muscle, which is placed on the back of the elbow-joint, and appears to be a continuation of the Triceps brachii. It arises by a separate tendon from the back part of the lateral epicondyle of the humerus; its fibers diverge and are inserted into the side of the olecranon, and upper fourth of the dorsal surface of the body of the ulna.
11.11.2 Actions-The Anconæus assists the Triceps in extending the forearm.
11.12 Category
11.12.1 Forearm Extensors (FAE)
11.13 View (When Illustrated Individually)
11.13.1 Posterior
11.13.1.1 Illus. (DSL)
12 BICEPS BRACHII B12E12
Back Table of Contents References
12.1 Word Derivation and Pronunciation
12.2 Pronunciation
12.2.1.1
BICEPS BRA·CHII- 'bI-"seps 'brA-kE-"I, -kE-"E 
12.2.1.2 Pronunciation Key
12.2.2 Etymology
12.2.2.1 Biceps=Two heads of origin
12.2.2.1.1 New Latin bicipit-, biceps, from Latin, two-headed, from bi- + capit-, caput head
12.2.2.2 Brachion=Upper Arm
12.3 Attachments Illus. 1 Illus. 2
12.3.1 Origin
12.3.1.1 Long head
12.3.1.1.1 Supraglenoid tubercle of the scapula
12.3.1.2 Short head
12.3.1.2.1 Apex of coracoid process of the scapula
12.3.2 Insertion
12.3.2.1 Radial tuberosity
12.3.2.2 Bicipital aponeurosis (lacertus fibrosus) (Continuous with the deep fascia covering the origins of the Flexor muscles)
12.4 Joints
12.4.1 Glenohumeral (GH)
12.4.2 Elbow
12.4.3 Radioulnar (RU)
12.5 Action Video
12.5.1 Flexion (Elbow)
12.5.2 Supination (RU)
12.5.3 Flexion (GH)
12.5.4 Reversed origin-insertion action
12.5.4.1 Both heads of the biceps brachii are active during flexion of the arm at the shoulder joint, with the long head being more active.
12.6 Nerve Supply
12.6.1 Nerve
12.6.1.1 Musculocutaneous
12.6.1.1.1
Separate
branches to each head
12.6.2
Roots
12.6.2.1 C5
12.6.2.2 C6
12.7 Synergists
12.7.1 Brachialis
12.7.2 Brachioradialis
12.7.3 Supinator
12.8 Muscle Tests
12.8.1 BICEPS BRACHII
12.9 Trigger Points
12.9.1 BICEPS BRACHII
12.10 Organ Reflexes
12.10.1 Stomach
12.10.2 Illustrations
12.11 Meridian
12.11.1 Stomach Meridian All
12.12 Acupressure/Acupuncture Theory
12.12.1 Organs
12.12.1.1 Spleen/Stomach
12.12.2 Channels Discussion
12.12.2.1 Spleen/Stomach
12.12.3 Channels Illustration All
12.12.3.1 Stomach ALL
12.12.4 Channels Illus Command Points
12.12.4.1 Stomach
12.13 Musculoskeletal Pathology
12.13.1 BICEPS TENDINTIS (Proximal)
12.13.2 BICEPS TENDINTIS (Distal)
12.14 Orthopaedic Tests
12.14.1 Biceps Strength
12.14.2 Bicipital Tendinitis Test
12.14.3 Impingement Syndrome Test
12.14.4 Reflexes (Shoulder)
12.14.5 Yergason's Test
12.15 Musculoskeletal Examination
12.15.1 Shoulder and Shoulder Girdle
12.15.2 Elbow
12.16 Stretching
12.16.1 Stretching
Concepts
12.16.2 Stretching
Individual Muscle Discussion
12.16.3 Stretching
Muscle Illustration
12.17
Posture
12.17.1
Postural
Assessment
12.17.2
Postural Illustrations
12.18 Massage Routines
12.18.1 Deep Tissue
12.18.1.1 Deltoid
12.18.1.2 Biceps Triceps
12.19 Exercise
12.19.1 Biceps Brachii-Resistance Exercise
12.19.2 Biceps Brachii- Biomechanics
12.20 Discussion (Gray)
12.20.1 The Biceps brachii (Biceps; Biceps flexor cubiti) (Fig. 411) Discussion is a long fusiform muscle, placed on the front of the arm, and arising by two heads, from which circumstance it has received its name. The short head arises by a thick flattened tendon from the apex of the coracoid process, in common with the Coracobrachialis. The long head arises from the supraglenoid tuberosity at the upper margin of the glenoid cavity, and is continuous with the glenoidal labrum. This tendon, enclosed in a special sheath of the synovial membrane of the shoulder-joint, arches over the head of the humerus; it emerges from the capsule through an opening close to the humeral attachment of the ligament, and descends in the intertubercular groove; it is retained in the groove by the transverse humeral ligament and by a fibrous prolongation from the tendon of the Pectoralis major. An elongated muscular belly succeeds each tendon, and the two bellies, although closely applied to each other, can readily be separated until within about 7.5 cm. of the elbow-joint. Here they end in a flattened tendon, which is inserted into the rough posterior portion of the tuberosity of the radius, a bursa being interposed between the tendon and the front part of the tuberosity. As the tendon of the muscle approaches the radius it is twisted upon itself, so that its anterior surface becomes lateral and is applied to the tuberosity of the radius at its insertion. Opposite the bend of the elbow the tendon gives off, from its medial side, a broad aponeurosis, the lacertus fibrosus (bicipital fascia) which passes obliquely downward and medialward across the brachial artery, and is continuous with the deep fascia covering the origins of the Flexor muscles of the forearm (Fig. 410).
12.20.2 Variations —A third head (10 per cent.) to the Biceps brachii is occasionally found, arising at the upper and medial part of the Brachialis, with the fibers of which it is continuous, and inserted into the lacertus fibrosus and medial side of the tendon of the muscle. In most cases, this additional slip lies behind the brachial artery in its coarse down the arm. In some instances, the third head consists of two slips, which pass down, one in front of and the other behind the artery, concealing the vessel in the lower half of the arm. More rarely a fourth head occurs arising from the outer side of the humerus, from the intertubercular groove, or from the greater tubercle. Other heads are occasionally found. Slips sometimes pass from the inner border of the muscle over the brachial artery to the medial intermuscular septum or the medial epicondyle or more rarely to the Pronator teres or Brachialis. The long head may be absent or arise from the intertubercular groove.
12.20.3 Actions- The Biceps brachii is a flexor of the elbow and, to a less extent, of the shoulder; it is also a powerful Supinator, and serves to render tense the deep fascia of the forearm by means of the lacertus fibrosus given off from its tendon.
12.20.4 Non Web Based Links
12.20.4.1 Fig. 410
12.20.4.2 Fig. 411
12.20.4.3 Discussion
12.21 Quiz
12.21.1 Test Your Knowledge
12.22 Category
12.22.1 Forearm Flexors (FAF)
12.23 View (When Illustrated Individually)
12.23.1 Anterior
12.23.1.1 Illus. (DSL)
13 BICEPS FEMORIS (Lateral Hamstring) B13E13
Back Table of Contents References
13.1 Word Derivation
13.1.1 Biceps=Two heads of origin
13.1.2 Femoris=Femur
13.2 Attachments Illus. (DSL)
13.2.1 Origin
13.2.1.1 Long head
13.2.1.1.1 Ischial tuberosity (Posterior Lower & Inner Impression)
13.2.1.1.2 Sacrotuberous ligament
13.2.1.2 Short head
13.2.1.2.1 Lateral lip of linea aspera
13.2.1.2.2 Proximal 2/3rd of lateral supracondylar line of femur
13.2.1.3 Lateral intermuscular septum
13.2.2 Insertion
13.2.2.1 Lateral side of the head of the fibula
13.2.2.2 Lateral condyle of the tibia
13.2.2.3 Deep fascia on the lateral side of the leg
13.3 Joints
13.3.1 Knee
13.3.2 Hip
13.4 Action Illus. (DSL)
13.4.1 Long and Short Head
13.4.1.1 Flexion (Knee)
13.4.1.2 Lateral rotation (Knee)
13.4.2 Long Head Only
13.4.2.1 Extension (Hip)
13.4.2.2 Adduction (Hip)
13.4.2.3 Lateral Rotation (Hip)
13.4.2.4 Note
13.4.2.4.1 When the hip is extended the long head of the biceps Femoris is placed at a mechanical disadvantage in knee extension. The short head of the biceps Femoris then becomes the primary knee flexor.
13.4.2.5 Reversed origin-insertion action
13.4.2.5.1 The long head gives posterior stability to the pelvis and extends the pelvis on the hip.
13.5 Nerve Supply
13.5.1 LONG HEAD
13.5.1.1 Nerve
13.5.1.1.1
Sciatic (Tibial
Portion)
13.5.1.2 Roots
13.5.1.2.1
L5
13.5.1.2.2
S1
13.5.1.2.3 S2
13.5.2 Short head
13.5.2.1 Nerve
13.5.2.1.1 Sciatic (Common peroneal portion)
13.5.2.2
Roots
13.5.2.2.1 L5
13.5.2.2.2 S1
13.5.2.2.3 S2
13.6 Synergists
13.6.1 Semimembranosus
13.6.2 Semitendinosus
13.6.3 Gracilis
13.6.4 Sartorius
13.6.5 Gastrocnemius
13.7 Muscle Tests
13.7.1 BICEPS FEMORIS
13.8 Trigger Points
13.8.1 BICEPS FEMORIS
13.9 Organ Reflexes
13.9.1 Rectum
13.9.2 Illustrations
13.10 Meridian
13.10.1 Large Intestine
13.11 Discussion (Gray)
13.11.1 The Biceps femoris (Biceps) (Fig. 434) is situated on the posterior and lateral aspect of the thigh. It has two heads of origin; one, the long head, arises from the lower and inner impression on the back part of the tuberosity of the ischium, by a tendon common to it and the Semitendinosus, and from the lower part of the sacrotuberous ligament; the other, the short head, arises from the lateral lip of the linea aspera, between the Adductor magnus and Vastus lateralis, extending up almost as high as the insertion of the Gluteus maximus; from the lateral prolongation of the linea aspera to within 5 cm. of the lateral condyle; and from the lateral intermuscular septum. The fibers of the long head form a fusiform belly, which passes obliquely downward and lateralward across the sciatic nerve to end in an aponeurosis which covers the posterior surface of the muscle, and receives the fibers of the short head; this aponeurosis becomes gradually contracted into a tendon, which is inserted into the lateral side of the head of the fibula, and by a small slip into the lateral condyle of the tibia. At its insertion, the tendon divides into two portions, which embrace the fibular collateral ligament of the knee-joint. From the posterior border of the tendon, a thin expansion is given off to the fascia of the leg. The tendon of insertion of this muscle forms the lateral hamstring; the common peroneal nerve descends along its medial border
13.11.2 Variations —The short head may be absent; additional heads may arise from the ischial tuberosity, the linea aspera, and the medial supracondylar ridge of the femur or from various other parts. A slip may pass to the Gastrocnemius.
13.11.3 Actions —The hamstring muscles flex the leg upon the thigh. When the knee is semiflexed, the Biceps femoris in consequence of its oblique direction rotates the leg outward; and the Semitendinosus, and to a slight extent the Semimembranosus, rotate the leg inward, assisting the Popliteus. Taking their fixed point from below, these muscles serve to support the pelvis upon the head of the femur, and to draw the trunk directly backward, as in raising it from the stooping position or in feats of strength, when the body is thrown backward in the form of an arch. As already indicated on page 285, complete flexion of the hip cannot be affected unless the knee-joint is also flexed, because of the shortness of the hamstring muscles.
13.12 Category
13.12.1 Leg Posterior Flexor Compartment (LPF)
13.13 View (When Illustrated Individually)
13.13.1 Posterior
13.13.1.1 Illus. (DSL)
14 BRACHIALIS B14E14
Back Table of Contents References
14.1 Word Derivation
14.1.1 Brachion=Arm
14.2 Attachments Illus. 1 (DSL) Illus. 2 (DSL)
14.2.1 Origin
14.2.1.1 Deltoid tuberosity (embraces by two angular processes)
14.2.1.2 Humerus (Lower ½) (Anterior) (To within 2.5 cm of articular margin)
14.2.1.3 Intermuscular Septa (More Medial than Lateral)
14.2.2 Insertion
14.2.2.1 Tuberosity of the ulna
14.2.2.2 Coronoid process of the ulna (Rough depression on the anterior surface)
14.3 Joints
14.3.1 Elbow
14.4 Action Illus. (DSL)
14.4.1 Flexion
14.5 Nerve Supply
14.5.1 Nerve
14.5.1.1 Musculocutaneous
14.5.1.2 Radial
14.5.2 Roots
14.5.2.1 C5 (Musculocutaneous)
14.5.2.2 C6 (Musculocutaneous)
14.5.2.3 C7 (Radial)
14.6 Synergists
14.6.1 Brachioradialis
14.6.2 Biceps brachii
14.7 Muscle Tests
14.7.1 BRACHIALIS
14.8 Trigger Points
14.8.1 BRACHIALIS
14.9 Organ Reflexes
14.9.1 Stomach
14.9.2 Illustrations
14.10 Meridian
14.10.1 Stomach
14.11 Discussion (Gray)
14.11.1 The Brachialis (Brachialis anticus) (Fig. 411) covers the front of the elbow-joint and the lower half of the humerus. It arises from the lower half of the front of the humerus, commencing above at the insertion of the Deltoideus, which it embraces by two angular processes. Its origin extends below to within 2.5 cm. of the margin of the articular surface. It also arises from the intermuscular septa, but more extensively from the medial than the lateral; it is separated from the lateral below by the Brachioradialis and Extensor carpi radialis longus. Its fibers converge to a thick tendon, which is inserted into the tuberosity of the ulna and the rough depression on the anterior surface of the coronoid process.
14.11.2 Variations —Occasionally doubled; additional slips to the Supinator, Pronator teres, Biceps, lacertus fibrosus, or radius are more rarely found.
14.11.3 Actions- the Brachialis is a flexor of the forearm, and forms an important defence to the elbow-joint. When the forearm is fixed, the Biceps brachii and Brachialis flex the arm upon the forearm, as in efforts of climbing.
14.12 Category
14.12.1 Forearm Flexors (FAF)
14.13 View
14.13.1 Anterior
14.13.1.1 Illus. (DSL)
15 BRACHIORADIALIS B15E15
Back Table of Contents References
15.1 Word Derivation
15.1.1 Brachion=Arm
15.1.2 Radialis=Radius
15.2 Attachments Illus.1 (DSL) Illus.2 (DSL)
15.2.1 Origin
15.2.1.1 Humerus (Lateral supracondylar ridge) (Proximal 2/3)
15.2.1.2 Intermuscular septum (Lateral)
15.2.2 Insertion
15.2.2.1 Radius (Styloid Process-Base-Lateral Side)
15.3 Joints
15.3.1 Elbow
15.3.2 Radioulnar (RU) Distal
15.4 Action Illus. (DSL)
15.4.1 Flexion
15.4.2 Pronation (To midposition when joint is supinated) (RU) Distal
15.4.3 Supination (To midposition when joint is Pronated) (RU) Distal
15.5 Nerve Supply
15.5.1 Nerve
15.5.1.1
Radial
15.5.2 Roots
15.5.2.1 C5
15.5.2.2 C6
15.5.2.3 C7
15.6 Synergists
15.6.1 Brachialis
15.6.2 Biceps brachii
15.7 Muscle Tests
15.7.1 BRACHIORADIALIS
15.8 Trigger Points
15.8.1 BRACHIORADIALIS
15.9 Organ Reflexes
15.9.1 Stomach
15.9.2 Illustrations
15.10 Meridian
15.10.1 Stomach
15.11 Discussion (Gray)
15.11.1 The Brachioradialis (Supinator longus) (Fig. 414) (Fig. 417) (Fig. 418) is the most superficial muscle on the radial side of the forearm. It arises from the upper two-thirds of the lateral supracondylar ridge of the humerus, and from the lateral intermuscular septum, being limited above by the groove for the radial nerve. Interposed between it and the Brachialis are the radial nerve and the anastomosis between the anterior branch of the profunda artery and the radial recurrent. The fibers end above the middle of the forearm in a flat tendon, which is inserted into the lateral side of the base of the styloid process of the radius. The tendon is crossed near its insertion by the tendons of the Abductor pollicis longus and Extensor pollicis brevis; on its ulnar, side is the radial artery.
15.11.2 Variations —Fusion with the Brachialis; tendon of insertion may be divided into two or three slips; insertion partial or complete into the middle of the radius, fasciculi to the tendon of the Biceps, the tuberosity or oblique line of the radius; slips to the Extensor carpi radialis longus or Abductor pollicis longus; absence; rarely doubled.
15.11.3 Actions-The Brachioradialis is a flexor of the elbow-joint, but only acts as such when the Biceps brachii and Brachialis have initiated the movement of flexion.
15.12 Category
15.12.1 Forearm Flexors (FAF)
15.13 View
15.13.1 Anterior
15.13.1.1 Illus. (DSL)
16 BUCCINATOR B16E16
Back Table of Contents References
16.1 Word Derivation
16.1.1 Bucc=Cheek
16.1.2 Buccina=a trumpet
16.2 Attachments
16.2.1 Origin
16.2.1.1 Upper attachment
16.2.1.1.1 Maxilla (External surfaces of the alveolar process) (Corresponding to the three molar teeth) (Crossing the maxillary tuberosity to the pterygold hamulus)
16.2.1.2 Middle attachment
16.2.1.2.1 Pterygomandibular raphe (Anterior border)
16.2.1.3 Inferior attachment
16.2.1.3.1 Mandible (External surfaces of the alveolar processes) (Corresponding to the three molar teeth) (Crossing the junction of the ramus and body to the posterior end of the mylohyoid line)
16.2.1.3.2 Mandible (Buccinator Ridge)
16.2.2 Insertion
16.2.2.1 Upper fibers
16.2.2.1.1 Orbicularis Oris (Blend with upper fibers)
16.2.2.2 Middle fibers
16.2.2.2.1 Orbicularis Oris (Decussate (cross) so that lower and upper ones continue into upper and lower parts of the Orbicularis Oris)
16.2.2.3 Lower fibers
16.2.2.3.1 Blend with lower fibers of orbicularis oris
16.3 Action Illus. (DSL)
16.3.1 Compresses the cheeks against the teeth
16.3.2 Draws angle of the mouth laterally.
16.4 Nerve Supply
16.4.1 Facial (VII)
16.4.2 Inferior buccal branch
16.5 Arterial supply
16.5.1 Buccal (Maxillary)
16.5.2 Facial
16.5.3 Transverse facial
16.6 Synergists
16.6.1 Risorius
16.7 Antagonists
16.7.1 Orbicularis oris
16.8 Muscle Tests
16.8.1 BUCCINATOR
16.9 Trigger Points
16.9.1 BUCCINATOR
16.10 Organ Reflexes
16.10.1 None
16.10.2 Illustrations
16.11 Meridian
16.11.1 None
16.12 Discussion (Gray)
16.12.1 The Buccinator (Fig. 380) (Fig. 381) is a thin quadrilateral muscle, occupying the interval between the maxilla and the mandible at the side of the face. It arises from the outer surfaces of the alveolar processes of the maxilla and mandible, corresponding to the three molar teeth; and behind, from the anterior border of the pterygomandibular raphé which separates it from the Constrictor pharyngis superior. The fibers converge toward the angle of the mouth, where the central fibers intersect each other, those from below being continuous with the upper segment of the Orbicularis oris, and those from above with the lower segment; the upper and lower fibers are continued forward into the corresponding lip without decussation.
16.12.2 Relations —The Buccinator is covered by the buccopharyngeal fascia, and is in relation by its superficial surface, behind, with a large mass of fat, which separates it from the ramus of the mandible, the Masseter, and a small portion of the Temporalis; this fat has been named the suctorial pad, because it is supposed to assist in the act of sucking. The parotid duct pierces the Buccinator opposite the second molar tooth of the maxilla. The deep surface is in relation with the buccal glands and mucous membrane of the mouth.
16.12.3 Actions- The Buccinators compress the cheeks, so that, during the process of mastication, the food is kept under the immediate pressure of the teeth. When the cheeks have been previously distended with air, the Buccinator muscles expel it from between the lips, as in blowing a trumpet; hence the name (buccina, a trumpet).
16.13 Category
16.13.1 Facial Expression (FE)
16.14 View
16.14.1 Anterior
16.14.1.1 Illus. (DSL)
17 BULBOCAVERNOSUS (BULBOSPONGIOSUS) B17E17
Back Table of Contents References
17.1 Word Derivation
17.1.1 Bulbus=Bulb
17.1.2 Caverna=Hollow
17.2 Attachments
17.2.1 Origin
17.2.1.1 Central tendon of perineum
17.2.2 Insertion
17.2.2.1 Inferior fascia of urogenital diaphragm
17.2.2.2 Corpus spongiosum of penis
17.2.2.3 Deep fascia on dorsum of penis in male
17.2.2.4 Pubic arch (Female)
17.2.2.5 Root and dorsum of clitoris (Female)
17.3 Action Illus. (DSL)
17.3.1 Helps expel last drops of urine during micturition
17.3.2 Propel semen along urethra
17.3.3 Assist in erection of the penis in male
17.3.4 Decreases vaginal orifice and assists in erection of clitoris in female
17.4 Nerve Supply
17.4.1 Perineal branch of pudendal nerve
17.5 Synergists
17.5.1
17.6 Muscle Tests
17.6.1 BULBOCAVERNOSUS
17.7 Trigger Points
17.7.1 BULBOCAVERNOSUS
17.8 Organ Reflexes
17.8.1 None
17.8.2 Illustrations
17.9 Meridian
17.9.1 None
17.10 Discussion (Gray)
17.10.1 The Bulbocavernosus (Ejaculator urinæ; Accelerator urinæ) (Fig. 406) is placed in the middle line of the perineum, in front of the anus. It consists of two symmetrical parts, united along the median line by a tendinous raphé. It arises from the central tendinous point of the perineum and from the median raphé in front. Its fibers diverge like the barbs of a quill-pen; the most posterior form a thin layer, which is lost on the inferior fascia of the urogenital diaphragm; the middle fibers encircle the bulb and adjacent parts, of the corpus cavernosum urethræ, and join with the fibers of the opposite side, on the upper part of the corpus cavernosum urethræ, in a strong aponeurosis; the anterior fibers, spread out over the side of the corpus cavernosum penis, to be inserted partly into that body, anterior to the Ischiocavernosus, occasionally extending to the pubis, and partly ending in a tendinous expansion which covers the dorsal vessels of the penis. Dividing the muscle longitudinally, and reflecting it from the surface of the corpus cavernosum urethræ best see the latter fibers.
17.10.2 Actions—This muscle serves to empty the canal of the urethra, after the bladder has expelled its contents; during the greater part of the act of micturition its fibers are relaxed, and it only comes into action at the end of the process. The middle fibers are supposed by Krause to assist in the erection of the corpus cavernosum urethræ, by compressing the erectile tissue of the bulb. The anterior fibers, according to Tyrrel, also contribute to the erection of the penis by compressing the deep dorsal vein of the penis, as they are inserted into, and continuous with, the fascia of the penis.
17.11 Category
17.11.1 Perineum (PRN)
17.12 View
17.12.1 Ventral
17.12.1.1 Illus. (DSL)
18 CILIARY MUSCLE B18E18
Back Table of Contents References
18.1 Attachments
18.1.1 Origin
18.1.1.1 Scleral spur (posterior margin)
18.1.2 Insertion
18.1.2.1 Stroma of the choroid
18.1.2.2 Ciliary processes
18.1.2.3 Orbiculus ciliaris
18.2 Action Illus. (DSL)
18.2.1 Modify the shape of the lens to adjust for near (lens thickening) or distant Vision (lens thinning)
18.3 Nerve Supply
18.3.1 Near vision
18.3.1.1 Parasympathetic fibers through the Oculomotor nerve (III), from Edinger-Westphal nucleus
18.3.2 Distant vision
18.3.2.1 Sympathetic fibers from the superior cervical ganglion passing into the eye as the long ciliary nerves
18.4 Arterial supply
18.4.1 Long posterior and anterior ciliary rami from the ophthalmic and lacrimal branches of the internal carotid artery
18.5 Synergists
18.5.1 None
18.6 Muscle Tests
18.6.1 CILIARY
18.7 Trigger Points
18.7.1 CILIARY
18.8 Organ Reflexes
18.8.1 None
18.8.2 Illustrations
18.9 Meridian
18.9.1 None
18.10 Antagonists
18.10.1 Parasympathetic and Sympathetic fibers produce antagonistic effects
18.10.2 Parasympathetic fibers
18.10.2.1 Contract the ciliary muscle thereby relaxing the zonal fibers which suspend the lens at its periphery
18.10.2.2 The relaxed lens thickens
18.10.3 Sympathetic fibers
18.10.3.1 Act upon arteries in ciliary body
18.10.3.2 Vasomotor activity increases tension in lens zonal fibers and produces a thinning of the lens
18.11 Discussion (Gray)
18.11.1 The Ciliaris muscle (m. ciliaris; Bowman’s muscle) consists of unstriped fibers: it forms a grayish, semitransparent, circular band, about 3 mm. broad, on the outer surface of the forepart of the choroid. It is thickest in front, and consists of two sets of fibers, meridional and circular. The meridional fibers, much the more numerous, arise from the posterior margin of the scleral spur (page 1007); they run backward, and are attached to the ciliary processes (Fig. 875) and orbiculus ciliaris (Fig. 875). One bundle, according to Waldeyer, is inserted into the sclera. The circular fibers are internal to the meridional ones, and in a meridional section appear as a triangular zone behind the filtration angle and close to the circumference of the iris. They are well developed in hypermetropic, but are rudimentary or absent in myopic eyes. The Ciliaris muscle is the chief agent in accommodation, i.e., in adjusting the eye to the vision of near objects. When it contracts it, draws forward the ciliary processes, relaxes the suspensory ligament of the lens, and thus allows the lens to become more convex.
18.11.2 Definitions
18.11.2.1 The Ciliary Body (corpus ciliare) —The ciliary body comprises the orbiculus ciliaris, and the Ciliaris muscle
18.11.2.2 The orbiculus ciliaris is a zone of about 4 mm. in width, directly continuous with the anterior part of the choroid; it presents numerous ridges arranged in a radial manner), the ciliary processes.
18.11.2.3 The ciliary processes (processus ciliares) are formed by the inward folding of the various layers of the choroid, i.e., the choroid proper and the lamina basalis, and are received between corresponding foldings of the suspensory ligament of the lens.
18.11.2.4 Stroma of the choroid Interspersed between the vessels are dark star-shaped pigment cells, the processes of which, communicating with those of neighbouring cells, form a delicate net-work or stroma, which toward the inner surface of the choroid loses its pigmentary character. The inner layer (lamina choriocapillaris) consists of an exceedingly fine capillary plexus, formed by the short ciliary vessels; the network is closer and finer in the posterior than in the anterior part of the choroid. About 1.25 cm. behind the cornea its meshes become larger, and are continuous with those of the ciliary processes. This lamina is connected by a stratum intermedium consisting of fine elastic fibers. On the inner surface of the lamina choriocapillaris is a very thin, structureless, or faintly fibrous membrane, called the lamina basalis; it is closely connected with the stroma of the choroid, and separates it from the pigmentary layer of the retina.
18.11.2.5 The Sclera —The sclera has received its name from its extreme density and hardness; it is a firm, unyielding membrane, serving to maintain the form of the bulb. It is much thicker behind than in front; the thickness of its posterior part is 1 mm.
18.11.2.6 The Cornea —The cornea is the projecting transparent part of the external tunic, and forms the anterior sixth of the surface of the bulb.
18.11.2.7 The Iris —The iris has received its name from its various colors in different individuals. It is a thin, circular, contractile disk, suspended in the aqueous humour between the cornea and lens, and perforated a little to the nasal side of its center by a circular aperture, the pupil.
18.11.3 Additional Illustrations
18.11.3.1 (Fig. 869)
18.11.3.2 (Fig. 870)
18.11.3.3 (Fig. 872)
18.11.3.4 (Fig. 873)
18.11.3.5 (Fig. 874)
18.11.3.6 (Fig. 875)
18.11.3.7 (Fig.876)
18.12 Category
18.12.1 Eye Ball (EB)
18.13 View
18.13.1 (Note: Lower two s are enlarged
horizontal sections.)
18.13.1.1 Illus. (DSL)
19 COCCYGEUS (ISCHIOCOCCYGEUS) B19E19
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19.1 Word Derivation
19.1.1 Coccygeus=Coccyx
19.2 Attachments Illus. 1 (DSL) Illus. 2 (DSL)
19.2.1 Origin
19.2.1.1 Ischial Spine
19.2.2 Insertion
19.2.2.1 Lower Sacrum
19.2.2.2 Upper Coccyx
19.3 Action Illus. (DSL)
19.3.1 Supports and slightly raises pelvic floor
19.3.2 Resists intraabdominal pressure
19.3.3 Pulls coccyx forward following defecation or parturition
19.4 Nerve Supply
19.4.1 Nerve
19.4.1.1 Sacral
19.4.2 Roots
19.4.2.1 S3
19.4.2.2 S4
19.5 Synergists
19.5.1
19.6 Muscle Tests
19.6.1 COCCYGEUS
19.7 Trigger Points
19.7.1 COCCYGEUS
19.8 Organ Reflexes
19.8.1 None
19.8.2 Illustrations
19.9 Meridian
19.9.1 None
19.10 Discussion (Gray)
19.10.1 The Coccygeus (Fig. 404) is situated behind the preceding. It is a triangular plane of muscular and tendinous fibers, arising by its apex from the spine of the ischium and sacrospinous ligament, and inserted by its base into the margin of the coccyx and into the side of the lowest piece of the sacrum. It assists the Levator Ani and Piriformis in closing in the back part of the outlet of the pelvis.
19.10.2 Nerve Supply —a branch from the fourth and fifth sacral nerves supplies The Coccygeus.
19.10.3 Actions—The Coccygei pull forward and support the coccyx, after it has been pressed backward during defecation or parturition.
19.11 Category
19.11.1 Pelvic Floor (PF)
19.12 View
19.12.1 Ventral
19.12.1.1 Illus. (DSL)
20 CORACOBRACHIALIS B20E20
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20.1 Word Derivation
20.1.1 Coraco=Coracoid process
20.2 Attachments Illus. (DSL)
20.2.1 Origin
20.2.1.1 Tip of coracoid process of scapula
20.2.2 Insertion
20.2.2.1 Middle of medial border of humerus, opposite deltoid tuberosity
20.3 Joints
20.3.1 Glenohumeral
20.4 Action Illus. (DSL)
20.4.1 Horizontal flexion
20.4.2 Adduction
20.5 Nerve Supply
20.5.1 Nerve
20.5.1.1 Musculocutaneous
20.5.2
Roots
20.5.2.1 C5
20.5.2.2 C6
20.5.2.3 C7
20.6 Synergists
20.6.1 Pectoralis major
20.6.2 Biceps brachii
20.6.3 Anterior deltoid
20.7 Muscle Tests
20.7.1 CORACOBRACHIALIS
20.8 Trigger Points
20.8.1 CORACOBRACHIALIS
20.9 Organ Reflexes
20.9.1 Lung
20.9.2 Illustrations
20.10 Meridian
20.10.1 Lung
20.11 Discussion (Gray)
20.11.1 The Coracobrachialis (Fig. 411) the smallest of the three muscles in this region is situated at the upper and medial part of the arm. It arises from the apex of the coracoid process, in common with the short head of the Biceps brachii, and from the intermuscular septum between the two muscles; it is inserted by means of a flat tendon into an impression at the middle of the medial surface and border of the body of the humerus between the origins of the Triceps brachii and Brachialis. It is perforated by the musculocutaneous nerve
20.11.2 Variations —A bony head may reach the medial epicondyle; a short head more rarely found may insert into the lesser tubercle.
20.11.3 Actions —The Coracobrachialis draws the humerus forward and medialward, and at the same time assists in retaining the head of the bone in contact with the glenoid cavity.
20.12 Category
20.12.1 Arm Scapular (AS)
20.13 View
20.13.1 Anterior
20.13.1.1 Illus. (DSL)
21 CORRUGATOR SUPERCILII B21E21
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21.1 Word Derivation
21.1.1 Corrugo=Wrinkle
21.1.2 Supercilium=Eyebrow
21.2 Attachments
21.3 Origin
21.3.1.1 Medial end of the superciliary arch of the frontal bone
21.4 Insertion
21.4.1.1 Deep surface of the skin above the midpart of the orbital arch
21.5 Action Illus. (DSL)
21.5.1 : Draws eyebrows medially and down (Frowning muscle)
21.6 Nerve Supply
21.6.1 Temporal branches of the facial nerve (VII)
21.7 Artery supply
21.7.1 Supratrochlear (Branch of ophthalmic)
21.7.2 Supraorbital (Branch of ophthalmic)
21.8 Synergists
21.8.1 Orbicularis oculi
21.8.2 Procerus
21.9 Antagonist
21.9.1 Frontalis
21.10 Muscle Tests
21.10.1 CORRUGATOR SUPERCILII
21.11 Trigger Points
21.11.1 CORRUGATOR SUPERCILII
21.12 Organ Reflexes
21.12.1 None
21.12.2 Illustrations
21.13 Meridian
21.13.1 None
21.14 Discussion (Gray)
21.14.1 The Corrugator (Corrugator supercilii) (Fig. 379) is a small, narrow, pyramidal muscle, placed at the medial end of the eyebrow, beneath the Frontalis and Orbicularis oculi. It arises from the medial end of the superciliary arch; and its fibers pass upward and lateralward, between the palpebral and orbital portions of the Orbicularis oculi, and is inserted into the deep surface of the skin, above the middle of the orbital arch.
21.14.2 Note 79 The corrugator is not recognized as a separate muscle in the Basle Nomenclature.
21.14.3 Actions- The Corrugator draws the eyebrow downward and medialward, producing the vertical wrinkles of the forehead. It is the “frowning” muscle, and may be regarded as the principal muscle in the expression of suffering.
21.15 Category
21.15.1 Facial Expression (FE)
21.16 View
21.16.1 Anterior
21.16.1.1 Illus. (DSL)
22 CRICOARYTENOID LATERAL & POSTERIOR B22E22
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22.1 Attachments Illus. (DSL)
22.1.1 Origin
22.1.1.1 Cricoarytenoid Lateral
22.1.1.1.1 Upper border of arch of cricoid cartilage
22.1.1.2 Cricoarytenoid Posterior
22.1.1.2.1 Posterior surface of lamina of cricoid cartilage
22.1.2 Insertion
22.1.2.1 Cricoarytenoid Lateral
22.1.2.1.1 Muscular process of arytenoids cartilage
22.1.2.2 Cricoarytenoid Posterior
22.1.2.2.1 Muscular process of arytenoid cartilage
22.2 Action Illus. (DSL)
22.2.1 Cricoarytenoid Lateral
22.2.1.1 Adducts and medially rotates arytenoid cartilage assisting in closing glottis
22.2.2 Cricoarytenoid Posterior
22.2.2.1 Abducts arytenoid cartilage widening glottis
22.3 Nerve Supply
22.3.1 Vagus (X)
22.3.2 Accessory (XI)
22.4 Synergists
22.4.1
22.5 Muscle Tests
22.5.1 CRICOARYTENOID
22.6 Trigger Points
22.6.1 CRICOARYTENOID
22.7 Organ Reflexes
22.7.1 None
22.7.2 Illustrations
22.8 Meridian
22.8.1 None
22.9 Discussion (Gray)
22.9.1 The Cricoarytænoideus posterior (posterior cricoarytenoid) (Fig. 958) arises from the broad depression on the corresponding half of the posterior surface of the lamina of the cricoid cartilage; its fibers run upward and lateralward, and converge to be inserted into the back of the muscular process of the arytenoid cartilage. The uppermost fibers are nearly horizontal, the middle oblique, and the lowest almost vertical.
22.9.2 Actions-The Cricoarytœnoidei posteriores separate the vocal folds, and, consequently, open the glottis, by rotating the arytenoid cartilages outward around a vertical axis passing through the cricoarytenoid joints; so that their vocal processes and the vocal folds attached to them become widely separated.
22.9.3 The Cricoarytænoideus lateralis (lateral cricoarytenoid) (Fig. 959) is smaller than the preceding, and of an oblong form. It arises from the upper border of the arch of the cricoid cartilage, and, passing obliquely upward and backward, is inserted into the front of the muscular process of the arytenoid cartilage.
22.9.4 Actions-The Cricoarytœnoidei laterales close the glottis by rotating the arytenoid cartilages inward, to approximate their vocal processes.
22.10 Category
22.10.1 Larynx Intrinsic (LXI)
22.11 View
22.11.1 LATERAL AND POSTERIOR VIEW
22.11.1.1 Illus. (DSL)
23 CRICOPHARYNGEUS B23E23
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23.1 Attachments
23.1.1 Origin
23.1.1.1 Arch of cricoid cartilage
23.1.2 Insertion
23.1.2.1 Arch of cricoid cartilage
23.2 Action Illus. (DSL)
23.2.1 Acts as sphincter to prevent air entering esophagus
23.2.2 Relaxes during swallowing
23.3 Nerve Supply
23.3.1 Nerve Plexus
23.3.1.1 Pharyngeal plexus
23.3.2 Roots
23.3.2.1 CN (IX)
23.3.2.2 CN (X)
23.3.2.3 CN (XI)
23.4 Synergists
23.4.1
23.5 Muscle Tests
23.5.1 CRICOPHARYNGEUS
23.6 Trigger Points
23.6.1 CRICOPHARYNGEUS
23.7 Organ Reflexes
23.7.1 None
23.7.2 Illustrations
23.8 Meridian
23.8.1 None
23.9 Discussion (Gray)
23.9.1 None
23.10 Category
23.10.1 Pharynx longitudinal layer (PXL)
23.11 View
23.11.1 Posterior
23.11.1.1 Illus. (DSL)
24 CRICOTHYROID B24E24
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24.1 Word Derivation
24.1.1 Crico=Cricoid cartilage of larynx
24.1.2 Thyro=Thyroid gland
24.2 Attachments
24.2.1 Origin
24.2.1.1 Anterolateral, external aspect of the cricoid cartilage
24.2.2 Insertion
24.2.2.1 Inferior part
24.2.2.1.1 Anterior border of the inferior cornu of thyroid
24.2.2.2 Superior Part
24.2.2.2.1 Posterior part of the lower border of the thyroid lamina
24.3 Action Illus. (DSL)
24.3.1 Elevation of cricoid arch and tilting, back its lamina
24.3.2 Closes anterior interval between the cricoid and thyroid cartilages, thereby, tightening the vocal cords
24.4 Nerve Supply
24.4.1 External branch of the superior laryngeal nerve from the vagus nerve (X)
24.5 Arterial supply
24.5.1 Cricothyroid branch and rami of the superior thyroid artery
24.5.2 Rami from the inferior thyroid artery
24.6 Synergists
24.6.1 Posterior Arytenoids
24.7 Antagonists
24.7.1 Vocalis
24.7.2 Thyroarytenoid
24.8 Muscle Tests
24.8.1 CRICOTHYROID
24.9 Trigger Points
24.9.1 CRICOTHYROID
24.10 Organ Reflexes
24.10.1 None
24.10.2 Illustrations
24.11 Meridian
24.11.1 None
24.12 Discussion (Gray)
24.12.1 The Cricothyreoideus (Cricothyroid) (Fig. 957), triangular in form, arises from the front and lateral part of the cricoid cartilage; its fibers diverge, and are arranged in two groups. The lower fibers constitute a pars obliqua, slant backward, and lateralward to the anterior border of the inferior cornu; the anterior fibers, forming pars recta, run upward, backward, and lateralward to the posterior part of the lower border of the lamina of the thyroid cartilage. The medial borders of the two muscles are separated by a triangular interval, occupied by the middle cricothyroid ligament.
24.12.2 The medial borders of the two muscles are separated by a triangular interval, occupied by the middle cricothyroid ligament.
24.12.3 The Cricothyreoideus produce tension and elongation of the vocal folds by drawing up the arch of the cricoid cartilage and tilting back the upper border of its lamina; the distance between the vocal processes and the angle of the thyroid is thus increased, and the folds are consequently elongated.
24.12.4 Actions-
24.12.4.1 The Cricoarytœnoidei posteriores separate the vocal folds, and, consequently, open the glottis, by rotating the arytenoid cartilages outward around a vertical axis passing through the cricoarytenoid joints; so that their vocal processes and the vocal folds attached to them become widely separated.
24.12.4.2 The Cricoarytœnoidei laterales close the glottis by rotating the arytenoid cartilages inward, to approximate their vocal processes.
24.13 Category
24.13.1 Larynx Intrinsic (LXI)
24.14 View
24.14.1 Posterior
24.14.1.1 Illus. (DSL)
25 DELTOID ANTERIOR B25E25
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25.1 Word Derivation
25.1.1 Delta=Triangular
25.1.2 Supercilium=Eyebrow
25.2 Attachments Illus. (DSL)
25.2.1 Origin
25.2.1.1 Anterosuperior border of the lateral 1/3 of the clavicle
25.2.2 Insertion
25.2.2.1 Deltoid tuberosity of the humerus on the anterolateral surface just above is midshaft
25.3 Joints
25.3.1 Glenohumeral
25.4 Action Illus. (DSL)
25.4.1 Abduction
25.4.2 Horizontal flexion
25.4.3 Medial rotation
25.5 Nerve Supply
25.5.1 Nerve
25.5.1.1
Axillary
25.5.2 Roots
25.5.2.1 C5
25.5.2.2 C6
25.6 Synergists
25.6.1 Middle Deltoid
25.6.2 Posterior Deltoid
25.6.3 Supraspinatus
25.6.4 Pectoralis Major Clavicular
25.7 Muscle Tests
25.7.1 DELTOID ANTERIOR
25.8 Trigger Points
25.8.1 DELTOID ANTERIOR
25.9 Organ Reflexes
25.9.1 Lung
25.9.2 Illustrations
25.10 Meridian
25.10.1 Lung
25.11 Discussion (Gray)
25.11.1 The Deltoideus (Deltoid muscle) (Fig. 410) is a large, thick, triangular muscle, which covers the shoulder-joint in front, behind, and laterally. It arises from the anterior border and upper surface of the lateral third of the clavicle, from the lateral margin and upper surface of the acromion, and from the lower lip of the posterior border of the spine of the scapula, as far back as the triangular surface at its medial end. From this extensive origin the fibers converge toward their insertion, the middle passing vertically, the anterior obliquely backward and lateralward, the posterior obliquely forward and lateralward; they unite in a thick tendon, which is inserted into the deltoid prominence on the middle of the lateral side of the body of the humerus. At its insertion, the muscle gives off an expansion to the deep fascia of the arm. This muscle is remarkably coarse in texture, and the arrangement of its fibers is somewhat peculiar; the central portion of the muscle—that is to say, the part arising from the acromion—consists of oblique fibers; these arise in a bipenniform manner from the sides of the tendinous intersections, generally four in number, which are attached above to the acromion and pass downward parallel to one another in the substance of the muscle. The oblique fibers thus formed are inserted into similar tendinous intersections, generally three in number, which pass upward from the insertion of the muscle and alternate with the descending septa. The portions of the muscle arising from the clavicle and spine of the scapula are not arranged in this manner, but are inserted into the margins of the inferior tendon.
25.11.2 Variations —Large variations uncommon. More or less splitting common. Continuation into the Trapezius; fusion with the Pectoralis major; additional slips from the vertebral border of the scapula, infraspinous fascia and axillary border of scapula not uncommon. Insertion varies in extent or rarely is prolonged to origin of Brachioradialis.
25.11.3 Nerves —The Deltoideus is supplied by the fifth and sixth cervical through the axillary nerve.
25.11.4 Actions —The Deltoideus raises the arm from the side, to bring it at right angles with the trunk. Its anterior fibers, assisted by the Pectoralis major, draw the arm forward; and its posterior fibers, aided by the Teres major and Latissimus dorsi, draw it backward.
25.11.5 Illustration-None
25.12 Category
25.12.1 Arm Scapular (AS)
25.13 View
25.13.1 Anterior
25.13.1.1 Illus. (DSL)
26 INTERSPINALES B90E90
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Table of Contents References
26.1 Attachments
26.1.1 Origin and Insertion
26.1.1.1 Pairs of small muscles joining the spinous processes of adjacent vertebrae, one on each side of the interspinous ligament
26.1.1.2 Continuous in the cervical region extending from the axis to the 2nd thoracic vertebra and in the lumbar region from the first lumbar vertebra to the sacrum
26.2 Action Illus. (DSL)
26.2.1 Extension of the spine
26.3 Nerve Supply
26.3.1 Dorsal rami of the spinal nerves
26.4 Synergists
26.4.1 Multifidus
26.4.2 Rotatores,
26.4.3 Intertransversarii
26.5 Muscle Tests
26.5.1 INTERSPINALES
26.6 Trigger Points
26.6.1 INTERSPINALES
26.7 Organ Reflexes
26.7.1 None
26.7.2 Illustrations
26.8 Meridian
26.8.1 None
26.9 Discussion (Gray)
26.9.1 The Interspinales are short muscular fasciculi, placed in pairs between the spinous processes of the contiguous vertebra, one on either side of the interspinal ligament. In the cervical region they are most distinct, and consist of six pairs, the first being situated between the axis and third vertebra, and the last between the seventh cervical and the first thoracic. They are small narrow bundles, attached, above and below, to the apices of the spinous processes. In the thoracic region, they are found between the first and second vertebra, and sometimes between the second and third, and between the eleventh and twelfth. In the lumbar region, there are four pairs in the intervals between the five lumbar vertebras. There is also occasionally one between the last thoracic and first lumbar, and one between the fifth lumbar and the sacrum.
26.9.2 Actions- the Interspinales by approximating the spinous processes help to extend the column.
26.9.3 Illustration-None
26.10 Category
26.10.1 Vertebral Column (Segmental)
26.11 View
26.11.1
Posterior
View
26.11.1.1 Illus. (DSL)
27 INTERTRANSVERSARII B91E91
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Table of Contents References
27.1 Attachments
27.1.1 Origin and Insertion
27.1.1.1 The intertransversarii consist of pairs of small muscles. These muscles are both anterior and posterior, on each side of the spine joining the transverse processes of adjacent vertebrae.
27.1.1.2 They extend from the atlas to the first thoracic vertebra and from the 10th thoracic vertebra to the last lumbar vertebra.
27.2 Action Illus. (DSL)
27.2.1 Acting unilaterally, lateral flexion of the spine
27.3 Nerve Supply
27.3.1 Ventral and dorsal rami of the spinal nerves
27.4 Synergists
27.4.1 Interspinales
27.4.2 Rotatores
27.4.3 Multifidus
27.5 Muscle Tests
27.5.1 INTERTRANSVERSARII
27.6 Trigger Points
27.6.1 INTERTRANSVERSARII
27.7 Organ Reflexes
27.7.1 None
27.7.2 Illustrations
27.8 Meridian
27.8.1 None
27.8.2 Discussion (Gray)
27.8.3 The Intertransversarii (Intertransversales) are small muscles placed between the transverse processes of the vertebra. In the cervical region they are best developed, consisting of rounded muscular and tendinous fasciculi, and are placed in pairs, passing between the anterior and the posterior tubercles respectively of the transverse processes of two contiguous vertebra, and separated from one another by an anterior primary division of the cervical nerve, which lies in the groove between them. The muscles connecting the anterior tubercles are termed the Intertransversarii anteriores; those between the posterior tubercles, the Intertransversarii posteriores, and both sets are supplied by the anterior divisions of the spinal nerves (Lickley 81). There are seven pairs of these muscles, the first pair being between the atlas and axis, and the last pair between the seventh cervical and first thoracic vertebra. In the thoracic region they are present between the transverse processes of the lower three thoracic vertebra, and between the transverse processes of the last thoracic and the first lumbar. In the lumbar region they are arranged in pairs, on either side of the vertebral column, one set occupying the entire interspace between the transverse processes of the lumbar vertebræ, the Intertransversarii laterales; the other set, Intertransversarii mediales, passing from the accessory process of one vertebra to the mammillary of the vertebra below. The Intertransversarii laterales are supplied by the anterior divisions and the Intertransversarii mediales by the posterior divisions of the spinal nerves (Lichley, op. cit.).
27.8.4 Actions- the Intertransversarii approximate the transverse processes, and help to bend the column to one side.
27.9 Category
27.9.1 Vertebral Column (Segmental)
27.10
View
27.10.1
Posterior
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27.10.1.1 Illus. (DSL)